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This work presents an analytical approach for analyzing electromigration (EM) in modern technologies that use copper dual damascene (Cu DD) interconnects. In these technologies, due to design rule and methodology constraints, wires are typically laid out unidirectionally in each metal layer; since EM in Cu DD interconnects do not cross layer boundaries, the problem reduces to one of analyzing EM in multisegment interconnect lines. In contrast with traditional empirical methodologies, our approach is based on physics-based modeling, directly solving the differential equations that model EM-induced stress. This article places a focus on interconnect lines, for reasons described above, and introduces the new concept of boundary reflections of stress flux that ascribes a physical (wave-like) analogy to the transient stress behavior in a finite multisegment line. This framework is used to derive analytical expressions of transient EM stress for lines with any number of segments, which can also be tailored to include the appropriate number of terms for any desired level of accuracy. The approach is applied to both the nucleation phase and the postvoiding phase on large power grid benchmarks. These experiments demonstrate excellent accuracy as compared to accurate numerical solution, as well as linear complexity with the number of segments for evaluating stress at a specified point and time. 

EU data localization regulations limit data transfers to non-EU countries with the GDPR. However, BGP, DNS and other Internet protocols were not designed to enforce jurisdictional constraints, so implementing data localization is challenging. Despite initial research on the topic, little is known about if or how companies currently operate their server infrastructure to comply with the regulations. We close this knowledge gap by empirically measuring the extent to which servers and routers that process EU requests are located outside of the EU (and a handful of 'adequate' non-EU countries). The key challenge is that both browser measurements (to infer relevant endpoints) and data-plane measurements (to infer relevant IP addresses) are needed, but no large-scale public infrastructure allows both. We build a novel methodology that combines BrightData (browser) and RIPE Atlas (data-plane) probes, with joint measurements from over 1,000 networks in 20 EU countries. We find that, on average, 2.2% of servers serving users in each EU country are located in non-adequate destination countries (1.4% of known trackers). Our findings suggest that data localization policies are largely being followed by content providers, though there are exceptions.